Preheat and prep: Heat the oven to 400°F (200°C). Grease a 9x13-inch baking dish.
Line a sheet pan with parchment.
Roast the cauliflower: Toss florets with olive oil, salt, and pepper. Spread on the sheet pan and roast for 18–22 minutes, until fork-tender with a little color. This keeps the casserole from getting watery.
Warm the chicken: If using cold, cooked chicken, chop or shred it now.
Set aside in a large bowl.
Make the Alfredo sauce: In a medium saucepan over medium heat, melt butter. Add garlic and cook 30–60 seconds, until fragrant. Pour in heavy cream and bring to a gentle simmer.
Thicken and season: Add cream cheese and whisk until smooth.
Stir in Parmesan, nutmeg, onion powder, Italian seasoning, salt, and pepper. Simmer 2–3 minutes until thick and silky. Taste and adjust seasoning.
Combine: Add roasted cauliflower and chicken to the large bowl.
Pour the Alfredo sauce over the top and toss to coat evenly.
Assemble: Transfer the mixture to the prepared baking dish. Sprinkle mozzarella and a bit more Parmesan over the surface.
Bake: Reduce oven to 375°F (190°C). Bake for 15–20 minutes, until the cheese is melted and bubbling around the edges.
Broil for color (optional): Broil 1–2 minutes to brown the top.
Watch closely.
Finish and serve: Let it rest 5–10 minutes to set. Sprinkle with chopped parsley and serve warm.